Sicily and its inhabitants' resistance to the Fatimid governors (296-335 AH / 908-946 AD)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and is distinguished by its strategic location, as it represents the gateway from the East to the West. Our study aims to identify its geographical and political status, especially in the era of the Fatimid state.
The Fatimids realized the political, strategic and economic importance of Sicily, as their presence in Sicily contributed to maintaining their position in Morocco and Egypt after their entry into it, and extending their control over the Mediterranean Sea. The Fatimid governors contributed to protecting the African coasts from Roman invasions, and it also helped to consolidate their extension in Egypt and the Maghreb countries later, but some Fatimid governors abused its people, because they were military leaders, and did not have political experience in managing state affairs, and as a result, a large number of governors were changed by the Fatimid caliphs due to the revolution of the people of Sicily and their dissatisfaction with their presence.
The Fatimid governors were also able to eliminate the revolutions and seditions that took place in Sicily, which gave them military experience in fighting the Byzantines, which in turn helped them overpower their wars against the Umayyads in Andalusia, and the Abbasids in the Levant.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This open-access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
How to Cite
Share
References
Ibn Al-Abar, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Qadha’i (658 AH / 1260 AD), Al-Hillat Al-Sira’, published and edited by Hussein Mu’nis, Cairo, 1963 AD.
Ibn al-Atheer, Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Abi al-Karam Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid al-Shaybani (d. 630 AH/1233 AD), al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, reviewed and authenticated by: Muhammad Yusuf al-Daqqaq, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1987 AD.
Ibn Abi Dinar, Abdullah Muhammad bin Abi Al-Qasim Al-Ra’ini Al-Qayrawani (he was alive 1110 AH / 1698 AD), Al-Mu’nis in African News and Tunisia, edited by: Muhammad Shammam, 3rd edition, Tunisia, ed.
Al-Bakri, Abi Ubaid Allah (d. 487 AH/857 AD), Morocco fi Zikr Ifriqiya and Morocco, Cairo, undated.
Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad bin Yahya bin Jat (d. 279 AH/892 AD), Futouh al-Buldan, Dar al-Kitab al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1978 AD.
Ibn Jubayr, Abu Al-Hasan Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Kinani Al-Andalusi (d. 614 AH / 1217 AD), The Journey of ibn Jubayr (in Egypt, the Arab countries, Iraq, the Levant, and Sicily), edited by: Hussein Nassar, Cairo, undated.
Al-Himyari, Muhammad bin Abd al-Moneim (d. 911 AH/1505 AD), Al-Rawd al-Ma’tar fi Khabar al-Aqtar, edited by Ihsan Abbas, 2nd edition, Library of Lebanon, 1984 AD.
Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad (d. 808 AH/1405 AD), The Book of Lessons and the Diwan of the Beginning and the News in the Days of the Arabs, Persians, Berbers, and Those Who Contemporarily Have the Greatest Sultan, edited by Zakkar Suhail, Beirut, 200 AD.
Ibn Khallikan, Abu Abbas Shams al-Din Ahmad bin Muhammad (d. 681 AH/1282 AD), Deaths of Notables and News of the Time, Beirut, undated.
Ibn Hawqal, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad bin Ali (367 AH/977 AD), Surat al-Ard, Beirut, 1996 AD.
Al-Dabbagh, Abu Zaid Abd al-Rahman Muhammad al-Ansari, Signs of Faith in the Knowledge of the People of Kairouan, completed and commented on by: al-Tanukhi, Abu al-Fadl Abu al-Qasim bin Issa bin Naji, edited by: Muhammad al-Ahmadi Abu al-Nour and Muhammad Madour, Tunisia, undated.
Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Othman Qaymaz (d. 748 AH/1347 AD), Biographies of Noble Figures, edited by: Shuaib al-Arnaout and Hassan al-Assad, 9th edition, Al-Resala Foundation, Beirut, 1413 AH.
The slave of Kairouan, Abu ‘Ishaq Ibrahim bin Al-Qasim (d. 417 AH/1026 AD), History of Africa and Morocco, edited by: Abdullah Al-Ali Al-Zaydan and Izz Al-Din Omar Musa, Beirut, 1985 AD.
Al-Safadi Saladin Khalil bin Abik (d. 764 AH / 1362 AD) - Al-Wafi bi Al-Wafiyat. Edited by: Ahmed Al-Arnaout and Turki Mustafa, Beirut, Dar Ihya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi, 1st edition, 2000 - Al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Jarir (d. 310 AH / 922 AD), History of Nations and Kings, edited by: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl, Beirut, 1967 AD.
Ibn Adhari, Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad bin Muhammad Al-Marrakshi (he was alive in the year 712 AH/1312 AD), Al-Bayan Al-Maghrib fi Akhbar Al-Andalus and Al-Maghrib, Beirut, undated.
Al-Asfari, Abu Omar Khalifa bin Khayyat bin Abi Hubayr (d. 240 AH/854 AD), History of Khalifa bin Khayyat, 2nd edition, Riyadh, 1985 AD.
Abu Al-Fida’, Al-Malik Al-Mu’ayyad Imad al-Din Ismail (d. 732 AH/1331 AD), Taqmiyem al-Buldan, Paris, 1840 AD.
Al-Kutbi, Muhammad bin Shaker (d. 764 AH / 1365 AD), The Passing of Deaths, edited by: Ihsan Abbas, (Dar Sader, Beirut, 1973 AD.
Al-Maliki, Abu Bakr Abdullah bin Muhammad, Riyadh al-Nufus fi al-Taraqa al-Ulama’ al-Tunisia and Kairouan, Their Ascetics and Hermits, and a Biography of Their News, Virtues, and Descriptions, ed.: Bashir al-Bakoush, ed.: Muhammad al-Arousi al-Mutawi, Lebanon, 1994 AD.
Al-Nuwairi, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (d. 733 AH/1332 AD), The End of Literature in the Arts of Literature, edited by Muhammad Jaber Abd al-Al and others, undated.
Ibn Wardan Anonymous, History of the Aghlabid Kingdom. Investigation: Muhammad Zeinhom Muhammad Arab, Cairo, 1988.
Yaqut al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din bin Abdullah al-Rumi al-Baghdadi (d. 626 AH/1228 AD), Mu’jam al-Buldan, Dar Sader, Beirut, 1953 AD.
Ahmed, Aziz, History of Islamic Sicily, edited by: Amin Tawfiq Al-Tibi, Egypt, undated.
Ahmed, Nahla Shehab, Studies in the History of Morocco and Andalusia, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, Lebanon, 2009 AD.
Ismail, Imran Mahmoud, The Byzantine Empire and its Civilization, Beirut, 2003 AD.
Fandi, Ahmed Fares, Al-Wasita in Knowing the News of Malta, Palestine, undated.
Amari, Michael, The Sicilian Arab Library (Texts on History, Countries, Biographies, and References), Dar Sader, Beirut, 1857 AD.
Amari, Michael, History of the Muslims of Sicily, translated by: Muhammad Saad Ibrahim and others, Florence, 2002 AD,
Al-Baji, Abu Bakr Muhammad Al-Masoudi, edited by: Muhammad Zainhum Muhammad Arab, The Pure Conclusion in African Women, Cairo, undated.
Bashari, Latifa, Slavery among ancient peoples, D.M., 2011 AD
Al-Thaalabi, Abdul Aziz, The History of North Africa from the Islamic Conquest to the End of the Majority State, Beirut, 1987 AD.
Al-Jilali, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad, General History of Algeria, Algeria, 1965 AD.
Hassan, Ibrahim Hassan, Taha Ahmed Sharaf Abdullah Al Mahdi, Imam of the Ismaili Shiites and founder of the Fatimid state in Morocco, Cairo - 1947.
Al-Douri Taqi al-Din Arif, Sicily and its relationship with the Mediterranean countries, Baghdad, 1980 AD.
Al-Zahrani, Ali bin Muhammad, Scientific Life in Islamic Sicily, Riyadh, 1996 AD.
Salem, Abdel Aziz, The History of the Maghreb, the Islamic Era (Historical, Urban and Archaeological Study), Beirut, 1981, Part 2, pp. 319-320.
Saad, Raafat Muhammad, Expressions of the Natural Environment in Poetry, Ibn Hamidis, Palestine, 2007 AD.
Al-Sayyid, Ahmed, The Key to Gold (The History of the Kings of Islam and the Muslim Caliphs), Al-Ma’arif Press, Egypt, D.T.
Al-Talbi, Muhammad, The Majority State, Political History, translated into Arabic by Munji Al-Sayyadi, Beirut, 1985 AD,
Abbas, Ihsan, The Arabs in Sicily, Beirut, 1975 AD
Abdul Wahid, Thanoun Taha and others, History of the Arab Maghreb, Beirut, 2004 AD.
Fawzi, Issa, Arabic Poetry in Sicily, Cairo, 2007 AD.
Lewis, Archie Bald, Maritime and Commercial Powers in the Mediterranean Basin, translated by: Ahmed Muhammad Issa, Reviewed by: Muhammad Gharbal, Cairo, undated.
Metz, Adam, Islamic Civilization in the 4th Century AH, Translated by: Muhammad Abd al-Hadi Abu Raida, 3rd edition, Cairo - 1377 AH.
Muhammad, Zaytoun, Muslims in Morocco and Andalusia, Cairo, 1990 AD.
Al-Madani, Ahmed Tawfiq, Muslims in Sicily and Italy, Algeria, 2009 AD.
Naseem, Joseph Youssef, History of the Byzantine State, Alexandria, 1984 AD.
Nasrallah, Saadoun, The Political History of the Arabs in Morocco from the Islamic Conquest until the Fall of Granada, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabi, Beirut, 1st edition, 2003.
Michele Amari: Storia dei musulmani di sicilia, vol ,2, firenze ,1858.
William E. Granara: political Legitimacy and Jihad in Muslim Sicily 217 -445/827-1053, the Degree of Doctor of philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, 1986.