Physicochemical and enzymatic saccharification of lemongrass leaves for reducing sugar production
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6084/rjas.v1i1.259Keywords:
Celluclast, Lemongrass Leaves, radical scavenging, Pretreatment, Reducing Sugars, Viscozym,Abstract
Reducing sugar was found to be embedded within cellulose from the lignin-hemicellulose matrix of the plant materials, which requires certain level of pretreatments before it could be extracted out from the carbohydrate matrices. Pretreatment processes of the lemongrass leaves, toward production of total reducing sugars, were performed by physicochemical pretreatment, enzymes cocktail, as well as enzymatic saccharification. The total reducing sugar (18.34 g/L) was best determined with the combination of the enzymes cocktail (1:1 % v/v), agitation speed (150 rpm), incubation temperature (55 °C) and incubation time (7 days). This result was discovered higher with 3.3 and 8.4-folds when compared to the experiments using physicochemical pretreatment and direct enzymatic saccharification, respectively. However, from the application of single enzyme for the saccharification, celluclast was the most efficient which produced reducing sugar (10.62 g/L), as opposed to using viscozyme (7.43 g/L) with 1.4-folds. The efficiency of the lemongrass leaves pretreatment leading to the higher production of the reducing sugar was confirmed using field emission scanning electron microscope. The research has provided a bottom-up method towards reducing the quantity of lignocellulosic wastes from environments for valuable products.
References
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MILLER, G. 1959. Use of DNS reagent for the measurement of reducing sugar. Anal. Chem, 31, 426-428.
MISHRA, S., SINGH, P. K., DASH, S. & PATTNAIK, R. 2018. Microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethanation and waste management. 3 Biotech, 8, 458.
MONLAU, F., BARAKAT, A., TRABLY, E., DUMAS, C., STEYER, J.-P. & CARRÈRE, H. 2013. Lignocellulosic materials into biohydrogen and biomethane: impact of structural features and pretreatment. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 43, 260-322.
MORJANOFF, P. & GRAY, P. 1987. Optimization of steam explosion as a method for increasing susceptibility of sugarcane bagasse to enzymatic saccharification. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 29, 733-741.
MOSIER, N., WYMAN, C., DALE, B., ELANDER, R., LEE, Y., HOLTZAPPLE, M. & LADISCH, M. 2005. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource technology, 96, 673-686.
RAVINDRAN, R. & JAISWAL, A. K. 2016. A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: challenges and opportunities. Bioresource technology, 199, 92-102.
SALLEH, N. H. M., DAUD, M. Z. M., ARBAIN, D., AHMAD, M. S. & ISMAIL, K. S. K. 2011. Optimization of alkaline hydrolysis of paddy straw for ferulic acid extraction. Industrial Crops and Products, 34, 1635-1640.
SANTIN, M. R., DOS SANTOS, A. O., NAKAMURA, C. V., DIAS FILHO, B. P., FERREIRA, I. C. P. & UEDA-NAKAMURA, T. 2009. In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitology research, 105, 1489-1496.
SINDHU, R., BINOD, P. & PANDEY, A. 2016. Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass–An overview. Bioresource technology, 199, 76-82.
SINDHU, R., KUTTIRAJA, M., BINOD, P., SUKUMARAN, R. K. & PANDEY, A. 2014. Physicochemical characterization of alkali pretreated sugarcane tops and optimization of enzymatic saccharification using response surface methodology. Renewable Energy, 62, 362-368.
SINGH, A., YADAV, A. & BISHNOI, N. R. 2013. Statistical screening and optimization of process variables for xylanase production utilizing alkali-pretreated rice husk. Annals of microbiology, 63, 353-361.
SINGH, J., SUHAG, M. & DHAKA, A. 2015. Augmented digestion of lignocellulose by steam explosion, acid and alkaline pretreatment methods: a review. Carbohydrate polymers, 117, 624-631.
SINGH, R., KRISHNA, B. B., KUMAR, J. & BHASKAR, T. 2016. Opportunities for utilization of non-conventional energy sources for biomass pretreatment. Bioresource technology, 199, 398-407.
SUN, Y. & CHENG, J. 2002. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresource technology, 83, 1-11.
TAJIDIN, N., AHMAD, S., ROSENANI, A., AZIMAH, H. & MUNIRAH, M. 2012. Chemical composition and citral content in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil at three maturity stages. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 2685.
TIMILSENA, Y. P. 2012. Effect of different pretreatment methods in combination with the organosolv delignification process and enzymatic hydrolysability of three feedstocks in correlation with lignin structure. Asian Institute of Technology.
TUMULURU, J. S., LIM, C. J., BI, X. T., KUANG, X., MELIN, S., YAZDANPANAH, F. & SOKHANSANJ, S. 2015. Analysis on storage off-gas emissions from woody, herbaceous, and torrefied biomass. Energies, 8, 1745-1759.
VAITHANOMSAT, P., CHUICHULCHERM, S. & APIWATANAPIWAT, W. Bioethanol production from enzymatically saccharified sunflower stalks using steam explosion as pretreatment. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2009. 140-143.
WANG, S., DAI, G., YANG, H. & LUO, Z. 2017a. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: a state-of-the-art review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 62, 33-86.
WANG, W., ZHANG, C., SUN, X., SU, S., LI, Q. & LINHARDT, R. J. 2017b. Efficient, environmentally-friendly and specific valorization of lignin: promising role of non-radical lignolytic enzymes. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33, 125.
WYMAN, C. E. 2018. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: overview. Handbook on Bioethanol. Routledge.
YANG, C., SHEN, Z., YU, G. & WANG, J. 2008. Effect and aftereffect of γ radiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Bioresource Technology, 99, 6240-6245.
YAO, S., NIE, S., ZHU, H., WANG, S., SONG, X. & QIN, C. 2017. Extraction of hemicellulose by hot water to reduce adsorbable organic halogen formation in chlorine dioxide bleaching of bagasse pulp. Industrial crops and products, 96, 178-185.
ZHANG, Z., SMITH, C. & LI, W. 2014. Extraction and modification technology of arabinoxylans from cereal by-products: a critical review. Food research international, 65, 423-436.
ZHAO, X., CHENG, K. & LIU, D. 2009. Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 82, 815-27.
ZHENG, A., JIANG, L., ZHAO, Z., HUANG, Z., ZHAO, K., WEI, G., WANG, X., HE, F. & LI, H. 2015. Impact of torrefaction on the chemical structure and catalytic fast pyrolysis behavior of hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose. Energy & Fuels, 29, 8027-8034.
ZHENG, Y., PAN, Z. & ZHANG, R. 2009. Overview of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production. International journal of agricultural and biological engineering, 2, 51-68.
ZHUANG, X., WANG, W., YU, Q., QI, W., WANG, Q., TAN, X., ZHOU, G. & YUAN, Z. 2016. Liquid hot water pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production accompanying with high valuable products. Bioresource technology, 199, 68-75.
ANG, S., YAHYA, A., ABD AZIZ, S. & MD SALLEH, M. 2015. Isolation, screening, and identification of potential cellulolytic and xylanolytic producers for biodegradation of untreated oil palm trunk and its application in saccharification of lemongrass leaves. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 45, 279-305.
ANG, S. K. 2015. Cellulases and Xylanase Production by'Aspergillus Fumigatus' SK1 Through Solid State Fermentation for Ethanol Fermentation. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
AUXENFANS, T., CRONIER, D., CHABBERT, B. & PAES, G. 2017. Understanding the structural and chemical changes of plant biomass following steam explosion pretreatment. Biotechnol Biofuels, 10, 36.
BATISTA, R. 2014. Uses and potential applications of ferulic acid. Ferulic acid: antioxidant properties, uses and potential health benefits. 1st ed. New York, NY.: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p, 39-70.
BEKELE, L. D., ZHANG, W., LIU, Y., DUNS, G. J., YU, C., JIN, L., LI, X., JIA, Q. & CHEN, J. 2017. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass fiber (Cymbopogon species) for reinforcing application in thermoplastic composites. BioResources, 12, 5664-5681.
BERLOWSKA, J., CIECIURA, W., BOROWSKI, S., DUDKIEWICZ, M., BINCZARSKI, M., WITONSKA, I., OTLEWSKA, A. & KREGIEL, D. 2016. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of sugar beet pulp with mixed bacterial cultures for lactic acid and propylene glycol production. Molecules, 21, 1380.
BOUKHATEM, M. N., FERHAT, M. A., KAMELI, A., SAIDI, F. & KEBIR, H. T. 2014. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs. Libyan Journal of Medicine, 9, 25431.
DOS SANTOS BARBOSA, E., PERRONE, D., DO AMARAL VENDRAMINI, A. L. & LEITE, S. G. F. 2008. Vanillin production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown on green coconut agro-industrial husk in solid state fermentation. BioResources, 3, 1042-1050.
GOËAU, H., BONNET, P. & JOLY, A. Plant identification in an open-world (lifeclef 2016). CLEF 2016-Conference and Labs of the Evaluation forum, 2016. 428--439.
HANAA, A. M., SALLAM, Y., EL-LEITHY, A. & ALY, S. E. 2012. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as affected by drying methods. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 57, 113-116.
HASSAN, E. 2016. Comparative study on the biosorption of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) using Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus): kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. Chemistry International, 2, 89-102.
HUSSIN, H., SALLEH, M. M., SIONG, C. C., NASER, M. A., ABD-AZIZ, S. & AL-JUNID, A. F. M. 2015. OPTIMIZATION OF BIOVANILLIN PRODUCTION OF LEMONGRASS LEAVES HYDROLYSATES THROUGH PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM. Jurnal Teknologi, 77.
JIANG, K., LI, L., LONG, L. & DING, S. 2018. Comprehensive evaluation of combining hydrothermal pretreatment (autohydrolysis) with enzymatic hydrolysis for efficient release of monosaccharides and ferulic acid from corn bran. Ind. Crop Prod, 113, 348-357.
JONSSON, L. J. & MARTIN, C. 2016. Pretreatment of lignocellulose: Formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresour Technol, 199, 103-112.
KUMAR, P., BARRETT, D. M., DELWICHE, M. J. & STROEVE, P. 2009. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Industrial & engineering chemistry research, 48, 3713-3729.
LASER, M., SCHULMAN, D., ALLEN, S. G., LICHWA, J., ANTAL, M. J. & LYND, L. R. 2002. A comparison of liquid hot water and steam pretreatments of sugar cane bagasse for bioconversion to ethanol. Bioresource technology, 81, 33-44.
LEE, H., HAMID, S. B. A. & ZAIN, S. 2014. Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to nanocellulose: structure and chemical process. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
LEE, S. H., CHANG, Y. L., CHAN, C. S. & REMAGNINO, P. Plant Identification System based on a Convolutional Neural Network for the LifeClef 2016 Plant Classification Task. CLEF (Working Notes), 2016. 502-510.
MATASYOH, J. C., WAGARA, I. N. & NAKAVUMA, J. L. 2011. Chemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and its effect on mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species. African Journal of Food Science, 5, 138-142.
MENON, V. & RAO, M. 2012. Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept. Progress in energy and combustion science, 38, 522-550.
MILLER, G. 1959. Use of DNS reagent for the measurement of reducing sugar. Anal. Chem, 31, 426-428.
MISHRA, S., SINGH, P. K., DASH, S. & PATTNAIK, R. 2018. Microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethanation and waste management. 3 Biotech, 8, 458.
MONLAU, F., BARAKAT, A., TRABLY, E., DUMAS, C., STEYER, J.-P. & CARRÈRE, H. 2013. Lignocellulosic materials into biohydrogen and biomethane: impact of structural features and pretreatment. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 43, 260-322.
MORJANOFF, P. & GRAY, P. 1987. Optimization of steam explosion as a method for increasing susceptibility of sugarcane bagasse to enzymatic saccharification. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 29, 733-741.
MOSIER, N., WYMAN, C., DALE, B., ELANDER, R., LEE, Y., HOLTZAPPLE, M. & LADISCH, M. 2005. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource technology, 96, 673-686.
RAVINDRAN, R. & JAISWAL, A. K. 2016. A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: challenges and opportunities. Bioresource technology, 199, 92-102.
SALLEH, N. H. M., DAUD, M. Z. M., ARBAIN, D., AHMAD, M. S. & ISMAIL, K. S. K. 2011. Optimization of alkaline hydrolysis of paddy straw for ferulic acid extraction. Industrial Crops and Products, 34, 1635-1640.
SANTIN, M. R., DOS SANTOS, A. O., NAKAMURA, C. V., DIAS FILHO, B. P., FERREIRA, I. C. P. & UEDA-NAKAMURA, T. 2009. In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitology research, 105, 1489-1496.
SINDHU, R., BINOD, P. & PANDEY, A. 2016. Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass–An overview. Bioresource technology, 199, 76-82.
SINDHU, R., KUTTIRAJA, M., BINOD, P., SUKUMARAN, R. K. & PANDEY, A. 2014. Physicochemical characterization of alkali pretreated sugarcane tops and optimization of enzymatic saccharification using response surface methodology. Renewable Energy, 62, 362-368.
SINGH, A., YADAV, A. & BISHNOI, N. R. 2013. Statistical screening and optimization of process variables for xylanase production utilizing alkali-pretreated rice husk. Annals of microbiology, 63, 353-361.
SINGH, J., SUHAG, M. & DHAKA, A. 2015. Augmented digestion of lignocellulose by steam explosion, acid and alkaline pretreatment methods: a review. Carbohydrate polymers, 117, 624-631.
SINGH, R., KRISHNA, B. B., KUMAR, J. & BHASKAR, T. 2016. Opportunities for utilization of non-conventional energy sources for biomass pretreatment. Bioresource technology, 199, 398-407.
SUN, Y. & CHENG, J. 2002. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresource technology, 83, 1-11.
TAJIDIN, N., AHMAD, S., ROSENANI, A., AZIMAH, H. & MUNIRAH, M. 2012. Chemical composition and citral content in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil at three maturity stages. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 2685.
TIMILSENA, Y. P. 2012. Effect of different pretreatment methods in combination with the organosolv delignification process and enzymatic hydrolysability of three feedstocks in correlation with lignin structure. Asian Institute of Technology.
TUMULURU, J. S., LIM, C. J., BI, X. T., KUANG, X., MELIN, S., YAZDANPANAH, F. & SOKHANSANJ, S. 2015. Analysis on storage off-gas emissions from woody, herbaceous, and torrefied biomass. Energies, 8, 1745-1759.
VAITHANOMSAT, P., CHUICHULCHERM, S. & APIWATANAPIWAT, W. Bioethanol production from enzymatically saccharified sunflower stalks using steam explosion as pretreatment. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2009. 140-143.
WANG, S., DAI, G., YANG, H. & LUO, Z. 2017a. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: a state-of-the-art review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 62, 33-86.
WANG, W., ZHANG, C., SUN, X., SU, S., LI, Q. & LINHARDT, R. J. 2017b. Efficient, environmentally-friendly and specific valorization of lignin: promising role of non-radical lignolytic enzymes. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33, 125.
WYMAN, C. E. 2018. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: overview. Handbook on Bioethanol. Routledge.
YANG, C., SHEN, Z., YU, G. & WANG, J. 2008. Effect and aftereffect of γ radiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Bioresource Technology, 99, 6240-6245.
YAO, S., NIE, S., ZHU, H., WANG, S., SONG, X. & QIN, C. 2017. Extraction of hemicellulose by hot water to reduce adsorbable organic halogen formation in chlorine dioxide bleaching of bagasse pulp. Industrial crops and products, 96, 178-185.
ZHANG, Z., SMITH, C. & LI, W. 2014. Extraction and modification technology of arabinoxylans from cereal by-products: a critical review. Food research international, 65, 423-436.
ZHAO, X., CHENG, K. & LIU, D. 2009. Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 82, 815-27.
ZHENG, A., JIANG, L., ZHAO, Z., HUANG, Z., ZHAO, K., WEI, G., WANG, X., HE, F. & LI, H. 2015. Impact of torrefaction on the chemical structure and catalytic fast pyrolysis behavior of hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose. Energy & Fuels, 29, 8027-8034.
ZHENG, Y., PAN, Z. & ZHANG, R. 2009. Overview of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production. International journal of agricultural and biological engineering, 2, 51-68.
ZHUANG, X., WANG, W., YU, Q., QI, W., WANG, Q., TAN, X., ZHOU, G. & YUAN, Z. 2016. Liquid hot water pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production accompanying with high valuable products. Bioresource technology, 199, 68-75.
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Physicochemical and enzymatic saccharification of lemongrass leaves for reducing sugar production. (2020). Research Journal in Advanced Sciences, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.6084/rjas.v1i1.259
