Assessment of geohelminth contamination of vegetables and fruits sold in Gusau markets Zamfara State Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6084/rjas.v2i1.475Keywords:
Contamination, Fruits, Geohelminths, Gusau markets, vegetablesAbstract
Purpose- This research work is aimed to assess parasitological contamination of vegetables and fruits sold in Gusau markets, Zamfara State, Nigeria in March, 2013.
Design/Methodology- Fruits and vegetables were purchased from four markets that are randomly selected and evaluated for geohelminth larvae and eggs, using sedimentation and flotation techniques.
Findings- Out of 44 helminth eggs/larvae detected in the whole markets, 70.5% were Ascaris lumbricoides, 15.9% Trichuris trichiura, 9.1% hookworm and 4.5% Strongyloides stercoralis. There were no helminth larvae and eggs that were present in tomatoes and garden eggs in the whole markets. The vegetables and fruits in the markets were to some extent contaminated with either helminth eggs, larvae or both, vegetables were found to be more contaminated than their counterparts (fruits). Lactuca sativa had the highest contamination. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.001).
Practical Implications-It’s recommended that,thorough washing of all vegetables and fruits be done prior to consumption.
References
Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Klutse, A. (2007). Effectiveness of common
and improved sanitary washing method in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliforms bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetable. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 12: 23-26.
Ashtiani, M. T., Monajemzadeh, M., Saghi, B., Shams, S., Mortazavi, S. H. and Khaki, S.
(2011) Prevalence of intestinal parasites among children referred to children'smedical center during 18 years (1991-2008), Tehran, Iran. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 105(7): 507-512.
Bawa, J. A., Bashir, K.A. and Sani, Z.R. (2014). Pathogenicity study of southern root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood) on Roma King tomato cultivar (CV). International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(11): 5-9.
Beuchat, L. R. (2002). Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens
on raw fruits and vegetables. Microbes Infect. 4(4):413–23.
Celia, V. H. and Walcolm, W. K. (2002). The geohelminths: Ascaris, Trichura and
Hookworm. World Class Parasite. 2: 1-75.
Cliver, D.O. (1997). Food Microbiology; Fundamentals and Frontiers Washington, DC,
America Society for Microbiology, 437-446.
Damen, J. G, Banwat, E. B., Egah, D. Z. and Allanana, J. A.( 2007). Parasitic contamination
of vegetables in Jos. Nigeria Ann Afr Med. 6:115–8.
Daryani, A., Ettehad, C. H., Sharif, M., Ghorbani, L. and Ziaer, H. (2008). Prevalence
of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed in Ardabil. Iran food control 19:790-794.
Emeka, E.P., Inyama, U., Nduka, F. and Melariri, P. (2006). The Role of the Environment in
the Epidemiology of Soil-Transmitted human helminthic parasites (Geohelminths) in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Biosciences 2:28-32.
Eneanya, C. T. and Njom, V. S. (2003). Geohelminth contamination of some common fruits
and vegetables in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 24: 1 23-128.
Erdogrul, O.R. and Sener, H. (2005). The contermination of various fruits and vegetables
with Enterobius vermcularis, Ascaris eggs, Entamoeba histolytica cysts and Giardia lambia cysts. Food control.16:557-560.
Etim, S.E., Akpan, P.A., Abeshi, S.and Offiom, O.E (2002). Intestinal helminth infections
in children; Implications for helminth control using school based mass chemotherapy. Nigerian J. Parasitol., 23: 53–60.
Ezeamama, A.E., Friedman, J.F., Olveda, R.M., Acosta, L.P., Kurtis, J.D., Mor, V.
and McGarvey, S (2005). Functional Significance of Low-Intensity- Polyparasite Helminth Infections in Anaemia. J Infect Dis. 192(12):2160-70.
Gupta, S., Satpati, S., Nayek, S. and Garai, D. (2010). Effect of wastewater irrigation
on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes. Environ Monit Assess. 165(1): 169–77.
Hanif, R., Iqbal, Z., Iqbal, M., Hanif, M. S. and Rasheed, M. (2006). Use of vegetables
as nutritional food: role in human health. J. Agric. Bio. Sci. 1(1): 18-22.
Izadi, S.H., Abedi, S., Ahmadian, S. and Mahmoodi, M. (2016) Study of the current
parasitic contamination of the edible vegetables in Isfahan in order to identify preventive measures. Sci. J. Kurdistan Univ. Med. Sci. 11(2): 51-58.
Larry, R. B. (1998). Surface decontamination of fruits and vegetables eaten raw. A review of
Food Safety Unit. WHO/FSF/FOS/98.2 WHO 1-15.
Mahvi, A. H. and Kia, E. B. (2006). Helminth eggs in raw and treated wastewater in the
Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 12(1): 137–43.
Mamman, A. B, Oyebanji, J. O. and Peter, S. W. (2000). Nigeria, a People united a
future assured. Survey of states, millennium edition. 2: 547-550.
Nasiru, M, Slifko, T. R., Smith, H. V., Rose, J. B. (2000). Emerging parasite zoonoses
associated with water and food. Int J Parasitol. 30(12): 1379–93.
Nasiru, M., Slifko, T. R., Smith, H. V., Rose, J. B. (2015). Parasite zoonoses associated
with water and Fruits. Int J Parasitol. 35(1): 1579.
National Population Commission. (2006). Zamfara State Reports Census 2006 Populations;
from NNPC office Gusau. 23-24p.
Nazemi, S., Raei, M., Amiri, M. and Chaman, R. (2012) Parasitic contamination of
raw vegetables in shahroud, semnan. Zahedan. J. Res. Med. Sci. 14(8): 84-86.
Nordberg, E. (2004). Communicable Diseases; 3rd edition; A Manual for Health Workers in
Sub-Sahabran Africa; African Medical and Research Foundation. Nairobi Kenya. 192-207p.
Said, D. (2012) Detection of parasites in commonly consumed raw vegetables. Alexandria
J. Med. 48(4): 345– 352.
Umoh, V. J., Okafo, O. C. and Galadima, M. (2001). Contamination by helminthes of
vegetables cultivated on land irrigated with urban waste water in Zaria and Kaduna, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 22: 95-104.
Wafa, A. (2010). Prevalence intestinal parasites in leafy vegetables in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Int. J. Trop. Medicine. 5(2): 20-23.
World Health Organization. (2008). Soil Transmitted helminth, WHO Geneva,
Epidemological Record, 83-237-252.
World Health Organization. (2012). Surface decontamination of fruits and vegetables eaten
raw. Food safety. WHO/FSF/FOS/98.2, accessed 14th July, 2012.
ZADP. (2008). Weather Reporting Format ADP-Zamfara State Agriculture Development
Project Gusau: PCU/ADP Annex III Annual Report 2008.
Zamfara (2009). http://www.onlinenigeria.com/link/zamfarastate.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Manir Nasiru, Abdulaziz Bashir Kutawa, Kabir Abdullahi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This open-access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-SA) license.
You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
