Risk factors and histomorphological patterns of female patients suspected of breast cancer attending Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
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Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is a significant public health concern globally, and it is the leading cause of cancer among females. In Kenya, breast cancer accounts for 25.6% of all female cancer cases and presents, with a high incidence of late-stage diagnoses. Previous studies have shown that risk factors for breast cancer differ in their associations with histomorphological patterns.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the histomorphological characteristics and patterns of breast cancer in female patients suspected of having breast cancer at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital (KTRH), identify prevalent risk factors among these patients, and establish associations between these risk factors and the histomorphological patterns observed.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at KTRH, reviewing 194 female patients’ breast lump biopsies collected between September 2022 and August 2023. Data from pathological slides and hospital records were analyzed using IBM SPSS software version 28, with descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression applied to identify significant risk factors associated with histopathological patterns of breast cancer.
Results: The mean age of participants was 39.53±17.467 years, with the majority being nulliparous (23.7%). Most participants lacked educational records (80.9%), and the majority did not have records of smoking (80.9%) or alcohol consumption (80.4%). The most common histomorphological pattern was fibroadenoma (33.0%), followed by invasive ductal carcinoma (21.1%). Benign conditions were diagnosed in 66.5% of cases, while 33.5% were malignant. A significant association was found between age (df=20.203, p=0.000), parity (df=23.616, p=0.000), history of cancer (df=6.061, p=0.046), and histomorphological patterns. Parity was significantly associated with all tumor types (ductal; OR=2.312, 95%CI=1.546-3.458, p=0.000), (lobular; OR=2.919, 95%CI=1.190-7.159, p=0.019 and (mixed; OR=2.781, 95%CI=1.217-6.358, p=0.015). (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The study highlights a high incidence of late-stage breast cancer diagnoses at KTRH, underscoring the need for enhanced education and screening programs. Socio-demographic factors, particularly parity and age, significantly influence breast cancer histomorphological patterns. These findings can inform targeted public health interventions and policy development to reduce breast cancer morbidity and mortality in Kenya.
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