Impact of pornographic and adult content on teenagers
Keywords:
adult content, internet hazards, media content, pornography, teenage exposure.Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the impact of teenage exposure on adult content. The evolving cultural position, exposure and sense of pornography in specific its increasing accessibility and the socio-cultural resonances that this is seen to cause, have been vibrant topics of public discourse in most countries during the new millennium. Concerns are regularly but vigorously voiced, particularly over the ubiquity of sexual depictions flirting with the codes of pornography in various fields of mass culture, as well as exposing teenagers to graphic materials that are seen to grow ever more intense and violent. Pornography consumption has become a commonplace among teens, with a number of notable and sometimes upsetting effects. Sensitivity to pornography can be disturbing or upsetting, especially among younger teens. Pornography consumption perpetuate adherence to sexist and unhealthy conceptions of relationships and sex among young people. And, particularly among boys and young men who are regular consumers of pornography, along with more violent materials, consumption strengthens sexual coercion-friendly behaviors and increases their probability of indulging in vulnerable activities. The study adopted a desktop literature review method (desk study).
References
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Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Kanouse, D. E., Elliott, M., & Berry, S. H. (2005). Social cognitive processes mediating the relationship between exposure to television's sexual content and adolescents' sexual behavior. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 914.
Nosko, A., Wood, E., & Desmarais, S. (2007). Unsolicited online sexual material: what affects our attitudes and likelihood to search for more? The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 16(1/2), 1.
Osakinle, E. O., Adegoroye, B. S., & Tayo Olajubutu, F. (2009). The Roles of media and technology in adolescents' development in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Middle East J Sci Res, 4(4), 307-309.
Paasonen, S. (2015). Diagnoses of transformation: “Pornification,” digital media, and the diversification of the pornographic. In L. Coleman & J. Held (Eds.), The philosophy of pornography: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 3–16). London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Paasonen, S. (2016). Pornification and the Mainstreaming of Sex. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2007). Adolescents’ exposure to a sexualized media environment and their notions of women as sex objects. Sex roles, 56(5-6), 381-395.
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2008). Adolescents' exposure to sexually explicit Internet material, sexual uncertainty, and attitudes toward uncommitted sexual exploration: Is there a link? Communication Research, 35(5), 579-601.
Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). The nature and dynamics of Internet pornography exposure for youth. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 691-693.
Singh, S., & Darroch, J. E. (1999). Trends in sexual activity among adolescent American women: 1982-1995. Family planning perspectives, 212-219.
Strasburger, V. C., Wilson, B. J., & Jordan, A. B. (2013). Children, adolescents, and the media. Sage Publications.
Thornburgh, D., & Lin, H. (2002). Youth, pornography and the Internet (p. 388). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. D. (1993). Adolescents’ acceptance of sex-role stereotypes and television viewing. Media, sex, and the adolescent, 117-133.
Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research. Developmental review, 23(3), 347-388.
Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth Internet users. Pediatrics, 119(2), 247-257.
Wright, P. J., Malamuth, N. M., & Donnerstein, E. (2012). Research on sex in the media: What do we know about effects on children and adolescents?
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: A national survey. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 8(5), 473-486.
Adebayo, D. O., Udegbe, I. B., & Sunmola, A. M. (2006). Gender, Internet use, and sexual behavior orientation among young Nigerians. Cyber psychology & behavior, 9(6), 742-752.
American Psychological Association. Commission on Violence, & Youth. (1993). Violence & youth: Psychology's response (Vol. 1). American Psychological Association.
Attwood, F. (2002). Reading porn: The paradigm shifts in pornography research. Sexualities, 5(1), 91-105.
Auerbach, D. (2014, October 23). Vampire Porn: MindGeek is a cautionary tale of consolidating production and distribution in a single, monopolistic owner. Slate.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986.
Bleakley, A., Fishbein, M., Hennessy, M., Jordan, A., Chernin, A., & Stevens, R. (2008). Developing respondent-based multi-media measures of exposure to sexual content. Communication methods and measures, 2(1-2), 43-64.
Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2008). It works both ways: The relationship between exposure to sexual content in the media and adolescent sexual behavior. Media psychology, 11(4), 443-461.
Boyle, K. (2000, March). The pornography debates: Beyond cause and effect. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 187-195). Pergamon.
Brown, J. D., L'Engle, K. L., Pardun, C. J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy media matter: exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents' sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1018-1027.
Cameron, K. A., Salazar, L. F., Bernhardt, J. M., Burgess-Whitman, N., Wingood, G. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (2005). Adolescents’ experience with sex on the web: results from online focus groups. Journal of adolescence, 28(4), 535-540.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2002). Trends in sexual risk behaviors among high school students--United States, 1991-2001. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 51(38), 856.
Chandra, A., Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., & Miu, A. (2008). Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Pediatrics, 122(5), 1047-1054.
Chun, W. Hui Kyong (2006). Control and freedom: Power and paranoia in the age of fiber optics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., Kunkel, D., Hunter, S. B., & Miu, A. (2004). Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 114(3), e280-e289.
Cooper, A., Delmonico, D. L., & Burg, R. (2000). Cybersex users, abusers, and compulsives: New findings and implications. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 7(1-2), 5-29.
Fisher, W. A., & Barak, A. (2001). Internet pornography: A social psychological perspective on Internet sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 38(4), 312-323.
Fleming, M. J., Greentree, S., Cocotti-Muller, D., Elias, K. A., & Morrison, S. (2006). Safety in cyberspace: Adolescents' safety and exposure online. Youth & Society, 38(2), 135-154.
Flood, M. (2007). Exposure to pornography among youth in Australia. Journal of Sociology, 43(1), 45-60.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. Perspectives on media effects, 1986, 17-40.
Goodson, P., McCormick, D., & Evans, A. (2001). Searching for sexually explicit materials on the Internet: An exploratory study of college students' behavior and attitudes. Archives of Sexual behavior, 30(2), 101-118.
Gruber, E., & Grube, J. W. (2000). Adolescent sexuality and the media: A review of current knowledge and implications. Western Journal of Medicine, 172(3), 210.
Häggström‐Nordin, E., Sandberg, J., Hanson, U., & Tydén, T. (2006). ‘It's everywhere!’Young Swedish people's thoughts and reflections about pornography. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 20(4), 386-393.
Hearn, J. (2006). The implications of information and communication technologies for sexualities and sexualised violences: Contradictions of sexual citizenships. Political Geography, 25(8), 944-963.
Huston, A. C., Wartella, E., & Donnerstein, E. (1998). Measuring the Effects of Sexual Content in the Media: A Report to the Kaiser Family Foundation.
Jacobs, K., Janssen, M., & Pasquinelli, M. (2007). Introduction. In K. Jacobs, M. Janssen, & M. Pasquinelli (Eds.), C’lick me: A Netporn studies reader (pp. 1–3). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
Jensen, R., & Dines, G. (1998). The content of mass-marketed pornography. Pornography: The production and consumption of inequality, 436.
Johansson, T., & Hammarén, N. (2007). Hegemonic masculinity and pornography: Young people's attitudes toward and relations to pornography. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 15(1), 57-70.
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American psychologist, 53(9), 1017.
Kühn, S., & Gallinat, J. (2014). Brain structure and functional connectivity associated with pornography consumption: the brain on porn. JAMA psychiatry, 71(7), 827-834.
Kunkel, D., Eyal, K., Finnerty, K., Biely, E., & Donnerstein, E. (2005). Sex on TV 4: A Kaiser family foundation report. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 29(2).
LeVay, S., & Valente, S. M. (2003). Sexual attraction and arousal. Human Sexuality. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc, 220-221.
Levine, J. (2003). Harmful to minors: The perils of protecting children from sex. Da Capo Press.
Levy, A. (2005). Women Chauvinist Pigs: Female and the Rise of Raunch Culture.
Löfgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S. A. (2010). Lust, love, and life: A qualitative study of Swedish adolescents' perceptions and experiences with pornography. Journal of sex research, 47(6), 568-579.
Malamuth N. 2001. Pornography. In International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Smelser N, Baltes P (eds). Elsevier: Amsterdam; 11816–11821
Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Kanouse, D. E., Elliott, M., & Berry, S. H. (2005). Social cognitive processes mediating the relationship between exposure to television's sexual content and adolescents' sexual behavior. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 914.
Nosko, A., Wood, E., & Desmarais, S. (2007). Unsolicited online sexual material: what affects our attitudes and likelihood to search for more? The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 16(1/2), 1.
Osakinle, E. O., Adegoroye, B. S., & Tayo Olajubutu, F. (2009). The Roles of media and technology in adolescents' development in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Middle East J Sci Res, 4(4), 307-309.
Paasonen, S. (2015). Diagnoses of transformation: “Pornification,” digital media, and the diversification of the pornographic. In L. Coleman & J. Held (Eds.), The philosophy of pornography: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 3–16). London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Paasonen, S. (2016). Pornification and the Mainstreaming of Sex. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2007). Adolescents’ exposure to a sexualized media environment and their notions of women as sex objects. Sex roles, 56(5-6), 381-395.
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2008). Adolescents' exposure to sexually explicit Internet material, sexual uncertainty, and attitudes toward uncommitted sexual exploration: Is there a link? Communication Research, 35(5), 579-601.
Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). The nature and dynamics of Internet pornography exposure for youth. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 691-693.
Singh, S., & Darroch, J. E. (1999). Trends in sexual activity among adolescent American women: 1982-1995. Family planning perspectives, 212-219.
Strasburger, V. C., Wilson, B. J., & Jordan, A. B. (2013). Children, adolescents, and the media. Sage Publications.
Thornburgh, D., & Lin, H. (2002). Youth, pornography and the Internet (p. 388). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. D. (1993). Adolescents’ acceptance of sex-role stereotypes and television viewing. Media, sex, and the adolescent, 117-133.
Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research. Developmental review, 23(3), 347-388.
Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth Internet users. Pediatrics, 119(2), 247-257.
Wright, P. J., Malamuth, N. M., & Donnerstein, E. (2012). Research on sex in the media: What do we know about effects on children and adolescents?
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: A national survey. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 8(5), 473-486.
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Impact of pornographic and adult content on teenagers. (2020). Hybrid Journal of Psychology, 1(1). https://royalliteglobal.com/psychology/article/view/380
